爬虫基础库之requests

news/2024/7/19 11:49:06 标签: 爬虫, json, python

requests

Python标准库中提供了：urllib、urllib2、httplib等模块以供Http请求，但是，它的 API 太渣了。它是为另一个时代、另一个互联网所创建的。它需要巨量的工作，甚至包括各种方法覆盖，来完成最简单的任务。

Requests 是使用 Apache2 Licensed 许可证的 基于Python开发的HTTP 库，其在Python内置模块的基础上进行了高度的封装，从而使得Pythoner进行网络请求时，变得美好了许多，使用Requests可以轻而易举的完成浏览器可有的任何操作。

1、GET请求

python">
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python comments"># 1、无参数实例
python spaces">  
python keyword">import python plain">requests
python spaces">  
python plain">ret python keyword">= python plain">requests.get( python string">'https://github.com/timeline.json' python plain">)
python spaces">  
python functions">print python plain">ret.url
python functions">print python plain">ret.text
python spaces">  
python spaces">  
python spaces">  
python comments"># 2、有参数实例
python spaces">  
python keyword">import python plain">requests
python spaces">  
python plain">payload python keyword">= python plain">{ python string">'key1' python plain">: python string">'value1' python plain">, python string">'key2' python plain">: python string">'value2' python plain">}
python plain">ret python keyword">= python plain">requests.get( python string">"http://httpbin.org/get" python plain">, params python keyword">= python plain">payload)
python spaces">  
python functions">print python plain">ret.url
python functions">print python plain">ret.text

2、POST请求

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python comments"># 1、基本POST实例
python spaces">  
python keyword">import python plain">requests
python spaces">  
python plain">payload python keyword">= python plain">{ python string">'key1' python plain">: python string">'value1' python plain">, python string">'key2' python plain">: python string">'value2' python plain">}
python plain">ret python keyword">= python plain">requests.post( python string">"http://httpbin.org/post" python plain">, data python keyword">= python plain">payload)
python spaces">  
python functions">print python plain">ret.text
python spaces">  
python spaces">  
python comments"># 2、发送请求头和数据实例
python spaces">  
python keyword">import python plain">requests
python keyword">import python plain">json
python spaces">  
python plain">url python keyword">= python string">'https://api.github.com/some/endpoint'
python plain">payload python keyword">= python plain">{ python string">'some' python plain">: python string">'data' python plain">}
python plain">headers python keyword">= python plain">{ python string">'content-type' python plain">: python string">'application/json' python plain">}
python spaces">  
python plain">ret python keyword">= python plain">requests.post(url, data python keyword">= python plain">json.dumps(payload), headers python keyword">= python plain">headers)
python spaces">  
python functions">print python plain">ret.text
python functions">print python plain">ret.cookies

3、其他请求

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python plain">requests.get(url, params python keyword">= python color1">None python plain">, python keyword">* python keyword">* python plain">kwargs)
python plain">requests.post(url, data python keyword">= python color1">None python plain">, json python keyword">= python color1">None python plain">, python keyword">* python keyword">* python plain">kwargs)
python plain">requests.put(url, data python keyword">= python color1">None python plain">, python keyword">* python keyword">* python plain">kwargs)
python plain">requests.head(url, python keyword">* python keyword">* python plain">kwargs)
python plain">requests.delete(url, python keyword">* python keyword">* python plain">kwargs)
python plain">requests.patch(url, data python keyword">= python color1">None python plain">, python keyword">* python keyword">* python plain">kwargs)
python plain">requests.options(url, python keyword">* python keyword">* python plain">kwargs)
python spaces">  
python comments"># 以上方法均是在此方法的基础上构建
python plain">requests.request(method, url, python keyword">* python keyword">* python plain">kwargs)

4、更多参数

复制代码 
def request(method, url, **kwargs):
    """Constructs and sends a :class:`Request <Request>`.

    :param method: method for the new :class:`Request` object.
    :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
    :param params: (optional) Dictionary or bytes to be sent in the query string for the :class:`Request`.
    :param data: (optional) Dictionary, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
    :param json: (optional) json data to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
    :param headers: (optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send with the :class:`Request`.
    :param cookies: (optional) Dict or CookieJar object to send with the :class:`Request`.
    :param files: (optional) Dictionary of ``'name': file-like-objects`` (or ``{'name': file-tuple}``) for multipart encoding upload.
        ``file-tuple`` can be a 2-tuple ``('filename', fileobj)``, 3-tuple ``('filename', fileobj, 'content_type')``
        or a 4-tuple ``('filename', fileobj, 'content_type', custom_headers)``, where ``'content-type'`` is a string
        defining the content type of the given file and ``custom_headers`` a dict-like object containing additional headers
        to add for the file.
    :param auth: (optional) Auth tuple to enable Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth.
    :param timeout: (optional) How long to wait for the server to send data
        before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout, read
        timeout) <timeouts>` tuple.
    :type timeout: float or tuple
    :param allow_redirects: (optional) Boolean. Set to True if POST/PUT/DELETE redirect following is allowed.
    :type allow_redirects: bool
    :param proxies: (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol to the URL of the proxy.
    :param verify: (optional) whether the SSL cert will be verified. A CA_BUNDLE path can also be provided. Defaults to ``True``.
    :param stream: (optional) if ``False``, the response content will be immediately downloaded.
    :param cert: (optional) if String, path to ssl client cert file (.pem). If Tuple, ('cert', 'key') pair.
    :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
    :rtype: requests.Response

    Usage::

      >>> import requests
      >>> req = requests.request('GET', 'http://httpbin.org/get')
      <Response [200]>
    """
复制代码

 

复制代码 
def param_method_url():
    # requests.request(method='get', url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/')
    # requests.request(method='post', url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/') pass def param_param(): # - 可以是字典 # - 可以是字符串 # - 可以是字节（ascii编码以内） # requests.request(method='get', # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', # params={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'}) # requests.request(method='get', # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', # params="k1=v1&k2=水电费&k3=v3&k3=vv3") # requests.request(method='get', # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', # params=bytes("k1=v1&k2=k2&k3=v3&k3=vv3", encoding='utf8')) # 错误 # requests.request(method='get', # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', # params=bytes("k1=v1&k2=水电费&k3=v3&k3=vv3", encoding='utf8')) pass def param_data(): # 可以是字典 # 可以是字符串 # 可以是字节 # 可以是文件对象 # requests.request(method='POST', # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', # data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'}) # requests.request(method='POST', # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', # data="k1=v1; k2=v2; k3=v3; k3=v4" # ) # requests.request(method='POST', # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', # data="k1=v1;k2=v2;k3=v3;k3=v4", # headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'} # ) # requests.request(method='POST', # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', # data=open('data_file.py', mode='r', encoding='utf-8'), # 文件内容是：k1=v1;k2=v2;k3=v3;k3=v4 # headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'} # ) pass def param_json(): # 将json中对应的数据进行序列化成一个字符串，json.dumps(...) # 然后发送到服务器端的body中，并且Content-Type是 {'Content-Type': 'application/json'} requests.request(method='POST', url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', json={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'}) def param_headers(): # 发送请求头到服务器端 requests.request(method='POST', url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', json={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'}, headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'} ) 
def param_cookies():
    # 发送Cookie到服务器端
    requests.request(method='POST', url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': 'v2'}, cookies={'cook1': 'value1'}, ) # 也可以使用CookieJar（字典形式就是在此基础上封装） from http.cookiejar import CookieJar from http.cookiejar import Cookie obj = CookieJar() obj.set_cookie(Cookie(version=0, name='c1', value='v1', port=None, domain='', path='/', secure=False, expires=None, discard=True, comment=None, comment_url=None, rest={'HttpOnly': None}, rfc2109=False, port_specified=False, domain_specified=False, domain_initial_dot=False, path_specified=False) ) requests.request(method='POST', url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': 'v2'}, cookies=obj) def param_files(): # 发送文件 # file_dict = { # 'f1': open('readme', 'rb') # } # requests.request(method='POST', # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', # files=file_dict) # 发送文件，定制文件名 # file_dict = { # 'f1': ('test.txt', open('readme', 'rb')) # } # requests.request(method='POST', # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', # files=file_dict) # 发送文件，定制文件名 # file_dict = { # 'f1': ('test.txt', "hahsfaksfa9kasdjflaksdjf") # } # requests.request(method='POST', # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', # files=file_dict) # 发送文件，定制文件名 # file_dict = { # 'f1': ('test.txt', "hahsfaksfa9kasdjflaksdjf", 'application/text', {'k1': '0'}) # } # requests.request(method='POST', # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', # files=file_dict) pass def param_auth(): from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth, HTTPDigestAuth ret = requests.get('https://api.github.com/user', auth=HTTPBasicAuth('wupeiqi', 'sdfasdfasdf')) print(ret.text) # ret = requests.get('http://192.168.1.1', # auth=HTTPBasicAuth('admin', 'admin')) # ret.encoding = 'gbk' # print(ret.text) # ret = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/digest-auth/auth/user/pass', auth=HTTPDigestAuth('user', 'pass')) # print(ret) # def param_timeout(): # ret = requests.get('http://google.com/', timeout=1) # print(ret) # ret = requests.get('http://google.com/', timeout=(5, 1)) # print(ret) pass def param_allow_redirects(): ret = requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', allow_redirects=False) print(ret.text) 
def param_proxies():
    # proxies = {
    # "http": "61.172.249.96:80", # "https": "http://61.185.219.126:3128", # } # proxies = {'http://10.20.1.128': 'http://10.10.1.10:5323'} # ret = requests.get("http://www.proxy360.cn/Proxy", proxies=proxies) # print(ret.headers) # from requests.auth import HTTPProxyAuth # # proxyDict = { # 'http': '77.75.105.165', # 'https': '77.75.105.165' # } # auth = HTTPProxyAuth('username', 'mypassword') # # r = requests.get("http://www.google.com", proxies=proxyDict, auth=auth) # print(r.text) pass def param_stream(): ret = requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', stream=True) print(ret.content) ret.close() # from contextlib import closing # with closing(requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get', stream=True)) as r: # # 在此处理响应。 # for i in r.iter_content(): # print(i) def requests_session(): import requests session = requests.Session() ### 1、首先登陆任何页面，获取cookie  i1 = session.get(url="http://dig.chouti.com/help/service") ### 2、用户登陆，携带上一次的cookie，后台对cookie中的 gpsd 进行授权 i2 = session.post( url="http://dig.chouti.com/login", data={ 'phone': "8615131255089", 'password': "xxxxxx", 'oneMonth': "" } ) i3 = session.post( url="http://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=8589623", ) print(i3.text)
 } # proxies = {'http://10.20.1.128': 'http://10.10.1.10:5323'} # ret = requests.get("http://www.proxy360.cn/Proxy", proxies=proxies) # print(ret.headers) # from requests.auth import HTTPProxyAuth # # proxyDict = { # 'http': '77.75.105.165', # 'https': '77.75.105.165' # } # auth = HTTPProxyAuth('username', 'mypassword') # # r = requests.get("http://www.google.com", proxies=proxyDict, auth=auth) # print(r.text) pass def param_stream(): ret = requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', stream=True) print(ret.content) ret.close() # from contextlib import closing # with closing(requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get', stream=True)) as r: # # 在此处理响应。 # for i in r.iter_content(): # print(i) def requests_session(): import requests session = requests.Session() ### 1、首先登陆任何页面，获取cookie i1 = session.get(url="http://dig.chouti.com/help/service") ### 2、用户登陆，携带上一次的cookie，后台对cookie中的 gpsd 进行授权 i2 = session.post( url="http://dig.chouti.com/login", data={ 'phone': "8615131255089", 'password': "xxxxxx", 'oneMonth': "" } ) i3 = session.post( url="http://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=8589623", ) print(i3.text)
', secure=False, expires=None, discard=True, comment=None, comment_url=None, rest={'HttpOnly': None}, rfc2109=False, port_specified=False, domain_specified=False, domain_initial_dot=False, path_specified=False) ) requests.request(method='POST', url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': 'v2'}, cookies=obj) def param_files(): # 发送文件 # file_dict = { # 'f1': open('readme', 'rb') # } # requests.request(method='POST', # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', # files=file_dict) # 发送文件，定制文件名 # file_dict = { # 'f1': ('test.txt', open('readme', 'rb')) # } # requests.request(method='POST', # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', # files=file_dict) # 发送文件，定制文件名 # file_dict = { # 'f1': ('test.txt', "hahsfaksfa9kasdjflaksdjf") # } # requests.request(method='POST', # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', # files=file_dict) # 发送文件，定制文件名 # file_dict = { # 'f1': ('test.txt', "hahsfaksfa9kasdjflaksdjf", 'application/text', {'k1': '0'}) # } # requests.request(method='POST', # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', # files=file_dict) pass def param_auth(): from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth, HTTPDigestAuth ret = requests.get('https://api.github.com/user', auth=HTTPBasicAuth('wupeiqi', 'sdfasdfasdf')) print(ret.text) # ret = requests.get('http://192.168.1.1', # auth=HTTPBasicAuth('admin', 'admin')) # ret.encoding = 'gbk' # print(ret.text) # ret = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/digest-auth/auth/user/pass', auth=HTTPDigestAuth('user', 'pass')) # print(ret) # def param_timeout(): # ret = requests.get('http://google.com/', timeout=1) # print(ret) # ret = requests.get('http://google.com/', timeout=(5, 1)) # print(ret) pass def param_allow_redirects(): ret = requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', allow_redirects=False) print(ret.text) def param_proxies(): # proxies = { # "http": "61.172.249.96:80", # "https": "http://61.185.219.126:3128", # } # proxies = {'http://10.20.1.128': 'http://10.10.1.10:5323'} # ret = requests.get("http://www.proxy360.cn/Proxy", proxies=proxies) # print(ret.headers) # from requests.auth import HTTPProxyAuth # # proxyDict = { # 'http': '77.75.105.165', # 'https': '77.75.105.165' # } # auth = HTTPProxyAuth('username', 'mypassword') # # r = requests.get("http://www.google.com", proxies=proxyDict, auth=auth) # print(r.text) pass def param_stream(): ret = requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', stream=True) print(ret.content) ret.close() # from contextlib import closing # with closing(requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get', stream=True)) as r: # # 在此处理响应。 # for i in r.iter_content(): # print(i) def requests_session(): import requests session = requests.Session() ### 1、首先登陆任何页面，获取cookie i1 = session.get(url="http://dig.chouti.com/help/service") ### 2、用户登陆，携带上一次的cookie，后台对cookie中的 gpsd 进行授权 i2 = session.post( url="http://dig.chouti.com/login", data={ 'phone': "8615131255089", 'password': "xxxxxx", 'oneMonth': "" } ) i3 = session.post( url="http://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=8589623", ) print(i3.text)
复制代码

备注：requests请求参数中，files={‘f1’:open('xxx','rb')}  ，可以上传文件 ，  auth参数用于基础认证

　　timeout参数用于设置超时时间（单位为秒）  timeout=2，表示请求连接时，如果2秒没有连接上，放弃此次请求，timeout也可以设置两个参数   timeout=（3,2） 第一个时间表示请求连接的时间，第二个 参数表示响应的时间。

　　proxies参数用于设置代理ip。  proxies = { "http": "61.172.249.96:80", "https": "http://61.185.219.126:3128"}  表示如果请求是http格式的，就访问http对应的代理，  如果请求是https格式 的，就访问https对应的代理。  

　　使用proxies的还有另一种方式   proxies = {'http://访问的网址': 'http://10.10.1.10:5323'}   表示访问某个网址，对应的使用哪个代理。

　　如果代理加密了可以使用这个方式：

　　　　from requests.auth import HTTPProxyAuth 

　　　　proxyDict = {  'http': '77.75.105.165',  'https': '77.75.105.165'  }   #  代理ip

　　　　auth = HTTPProxyAuth('username', 'mypassword')

　　　　r = requests.get("http://www.google.com", proxies=proxyDict, auth=auth)

　　cert参数表示使用证书（.pem文件）加密，如果有两个值时，表示给证书也加密，  搭配verify参数（用于确认证书）使用

　　

　　另外，凡是以https开头的网址都是需要证书的

　　

　　我们每次请求都会携带上次的cookie或者上几次的cookie。requests模块帮我们封装了一个session的方法，帮我们管理cookie和headers，帮助我们每次请求时，都会携带上一次的cookie，同时，响应回来后，会将新的cookie更新进去。

　　用法：session = requests.Session()       session.get（....）

 

官方文档：http://cn.python-requests.org/zh_CN/latest/user/quickstart.html#id4

转载于:https://www.cnblogs.com/zhaopanpan/p/9337664.html


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